The Autism Spectrum Reflection Paper - 1708 Words

The Asperger’s Disorder in the Autism Spectrum: Reflection Paper Psychology 340: Fundamentals of Psychopathology Marie-Eve Lefebvre Concordia University The definition of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) says: â€Å"[†¦] considered to be the result of some structural differences in the brain that are usually evident at birth or become apparent as the child begins to develop.† (Butcher, Mineka, Hooley, Taylor Antony, 2010) I am sure that modern discovery related to the development of the brain makes it easier to diagnose children with autism disorders today. What about adults that did not get this chance? In the 1970s, such discovery did not exist and autism was not known and classified as a disorder until 1994†¦show more content†¦This could probably explain why my father had a lot of issues about accepting himself and not being ashamed of who he was. In this sense, the idea that my father could have had a mental issue was not something possible and acceptable in his family. Another thing that must be kept in mind is that, in the 1970s, seeking help for mental health was not as accepted than today, because of the importance of stigma. This stigma, which means the negative stereotype that can be followed by discrimination (CMHA, 2015), was something very common for my father. This resulted in many depressive periods experienced by my father, since he felt ashamed of himself for being mentally ill. After he got diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 2005 (when he was, in fact, suffering from the Asperger Syndrome), he suffered from a lot of rejection in his career. As described by Ruby Wax in her TED talk (2012), people do not see mental disorder as an illness like they would with a physical disability, but as something to fear. When he got diagnosed with Asperger disorder in 2010, he was considered as invalid to work. Not only he could not work at all, but he was also financially under compensated, which led to a precarious financial situation. Evidently, this decision only increased the intensity and duration of his depressive periods, since he became anxious about money and moreShow MoreRelatedMental Disorders And Disabilities Among Low-Income Children Case Study1029 Words   |  5 Pagesbut not the quality of the health care received. Thus behavioral and educational therapies are under reported. Carr, T., Lord, C.(2016). A Pilot Study Promoting Participation Of Families With Limited Resources In Early Autism Intervention, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,25(1), 87-96.doi:10.106/j.rasd.2016.02.003 The journal article investigates if the promotion of participation amongst low-income and low educated families to get their children recourse for ASD. The study focuses onRead MoreEssay On The Movie Rain Man1315 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will show how in the movie Rain Man, an adult man acts with high functioning autism. How great certain skills are that make him appear as if he has supermen abilities, while also showing the need for adult supervision for other events that unfold in the movie. While sourcing several references what autism is, its characteristics and how to treat it at an early age to get the best functional outcome as an adult. Along with some of dangers that’s face people with autism from the worldRead MoreImages of the Future in Neurology923 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest research topics, mirror neurons, poses as an explanation of â€Å"phenomena ranging from the development of language and the transmission of culture to empathy, autism, and even the uniqueness of the human species† (Melnick). Through his studies of mirror neurons and their possible impact specifically relating to autism spectrum disorder, more great discoveries and treatments may occur in the future. Born in 1951, Ramachandran developed an early interest in science. In the introduction ofRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Instructional Planning And Strategies Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesInstructional Planning and Strategies is the Research Paper completed in the course ELSE 6183 Teaching Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The Research Paper project required students to research teaching practices and strategies dealing with students diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Candidates were ask to research and review related literature to the pertaining to the selected research topic. Students then completed the research paper on their selected topic, including completing an abstractRead MoreEssay On Action Research Plan1537 Words   |  7 Pagesat Soaring Heights School, Clearfield, PA. Soaring Heights School is an alternative placement school for students with Emotional Disturbance or Autism Spectrum Disorder. The school has strict licensure regulations that require both populations to be educated separately. Therefore, the participants chosen for this study will be students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). â€Å"Current research indicates that DI is a promising practice for students with ASD† (Cadette et al., 2016). Although the schoolRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )2483 Words   |  10 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Austismspeaks.org states that, â€Å"ASD is a general term to define a complex brain development disorder and is a pervasive development disorder (PDD)†. Autism is a debilitating neurological handicap in children. According to the ISRN Nutrition data, approximately 1 out of 54 boys and 1 out of 252 girls were identified with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) [6]. A child who has ASD has a difficult time adapting to their social environment. NotRead MoreNeurological-Based Behavior1143 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Reflection Paper #1 Topic: Neurological-Based Atypical Behavior (NBB) For my reflection paper, I chose to give my opinion on the NBB’s, short for â€Å"Neurological-Based Atypical Behaviors†. NBB is defined as a collection of deeds or the behavior of children that happen outside the usual boundaries of self control. According to Dr. Paula Cook, specialist in teaching students with NBB, about 10 percent of students cannot control what they say or do reliably. They are foundRead MoreAutism And What It Is All About2623 Words   |  11 PagesI decided to write about Autism and what it is all about. It is something that is on the rise and that is a huge part of the ECE world. Autism is a lifelong, developmental disability that affects how a person communicates and relates to other people, and how they experience the world around them. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both of the terms used for disorders of brain development. These disorders are different; there are different degrees to this brain development, like problemsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )2826 Words   |  12 PagesIt has been observed that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have a harder time engaging in social connections, which can be initially displayed by lack of eye contact. There are many va riables in severity on the autism spectrum as well as many therapies and trainings that can assist individuals with ASD to improve their skills of social communication and understanding. The purpose of this study is to have individuals with ASD view a variety of animal and human faces to determine ifRead More547 Marie Jevon1 Understand How The4585 Words   |  19 Pagesabout autism reflect the complexity of autistic spectrum conditions Since it first identified as a distinct disorder by Leo Kanner (1943), autism studies continued in order to explain its causes. Many theories and clinical studies evolved. However, none of them seems to be conclusive. Although it was interchangeably considered as part of schizophrenia, recently it is defined as a distinct disorder that has its own characteristics. The field of management is still challenging. In this paper, I am

Persuasive Speech On Animal Welfare - 1644 Words

For some people raising livestock is way of life. We take pride in raising animals, treating them with respect and care. Some people have animals who have a end product that requires the animal to give it’s life so we can feed ourselves. After hours of taking care of animals we harbor a great amount of respect for the animals. Farmers put their heart and soul into raising animals. People show their animals at events to be judge on quality, to learn, and develop friendships with fellow animal enthusiast. Yet there are people who see this industry as nothing but a heartless machine that treat animals with disrespect, and only care about end products and money. These people highlight the few farmers who don’t represent the majority. Then†¦show more content†¦Most of the commercial livestock population isn’t halter trained. By dragging them on their butts they eliminate the risk of sheep getting loose, hurting themselves, and prevents them from getting st ressed out. Harvesting animals for meat may be the largest target for negative publicities. There is no sugar coating the topic, the best way is to be as quick as possible with as little pain as possible. Herding animals into a chute or small narrow area allows employees to put the animal down in one try with minimal stress. Animals die. We do our best to prevent deaths but sometimes it can’t be avoided. One must accept that death is apart of life. We must point out that in many videos they show dead animals getting dragged out of pens or stalls in a â€Å"barbaric† manner. This is a acceptable practice. You as a farmer, a human to be more precise, are not expected to carry out a couple hundred pound cow bridal style out of the free stall barn. Dead animals can’t feel pain, you need to remove the animal out in order to prevent disease and keep living animals relaxed. Depending on cause of death butchering may not be an option, burying and burning carcuses are both good ways to dispose of a body. Caracuses attract files which can carry disease and cause discomfort to livestock. At this point the health of the whole herd needs to be put first. Preventing deaths is achieved by practicing herd health management. Tasks from deworming, facility maintenance,Show MoreRelatedGeorge Orwells Use of Language Techniques to Represent Power in Animal Farm1408 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwells Use of Language Techniques to Represent Power in Animal Farm Power corrupts, but absolute power corrupts absolutely; and this is eloquently proved in George Orwells novel Animal Farm. In this satirical fable, Orwell uses his allegorical farm to candidly illustrate the corruptive nature of power and to symbolise the communist system in the microcosm of a farmyard barn. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, a British political novelist andRead MoreEssay on Animal Farm by George Orwell1117 Words   |  5 Pagesin ’Animal Farm’ by demonstrating how language can cause corruption. There are many characters in his book ‘Animal Farm’ that use rhetoric to convince and manipulate, however, the most talented persuasive speaker is Squealer. Squealer’s ability to use rhetoric is unrivalled, this is the reason Napoleon rises to power. Squealer uses the power in language to distort the truth in his speeches. When Napoleon wanted a problem fixed he would simply ask Squealer to talk to the animals and the animals wouldRead MoreA Sustainable Agriculture Persuasive Speech1124 Words   |  5 PagesTony Villa Ms.Kim H English 9 25 April 2017 Sustainable agriculture Persuasive Speech According to The Networker â€Å"nature sinks are filling up rapidly†. â€Å"The â€Å"hypoxic zone† in the Gulf of Mexico increased to 8,200 square miles in 2002, largely due to excess nutrients from agricultural activities†. Somewhere in London there is a store named FARM:shop trying to lessen the excess nutrients harming our world and one of the founders argue that If you re growing food directly where it s eaten, thereRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1779 Words   |  8 Pagesbook named Animal Farm would be about something harmless, playful, or childish. The author George Orwell even subtitled the novella, â€Å"A Fairy Story.† However, Animal Farm carries a much deeper message than one might initially suppose. The story chronicles the development of a farm in England named, â€Å"The Manor Farm.† The animals of the farm are controlled and oppressed by Mr. Jones, the farmer, and his ranch-hands. One night, a pig by the name of Old Major, d elivers a speech to the animals, tellingRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Inhumane And Should Be Banned Essay1813 Words   |  8 PagesKeep the Lipstick off your Dog Persuasive Speech Outline General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: to persuade my audience that animal testing is inhumane and should be banned. Thesis: It is not ethical to use animals for testing purposes. Animal testing, especially for cosmetic and consumer good purposes should be banned. Those companies that continue to use animal testing should be charged with animal neglect and cruelty. Animals live and have emotions just as human and deserve the rightRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Serious Crime Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause I feared him, frightened knowing he was going to hurt me and my loved ones, not his way it’s the fear he created in us and that emotion had changed the family we used to be. Listening to someone’s speech that is informative versus a person’s true life story is much more persuasive and convincing to hear. â€Å"I’ve been there!† compared to â€Å"what I had researched.† I doubt people would agree to the first argument about parents owning their children and physical punishment is a necessary actionRead MoreFather: Causality and Persuasive Speech8283 Words   |  34 PagesF Derived credibility refers to the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. 9. T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the start of the speech. 10. T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech. 11. T F Speakers who explain their expertise on the speech topic are likely to reduce their credibility with the audience. 12. T F A speaker can have high credibility for one audienceRead More Chapter Summaries of George Orwells Animal Farm Essays3865 Words   |  16 PagesOrwells Animal Farm In the opening chapter of the book, Mr. Jones of Manor Farm is shown as a careless, irresponsible farm owner who cares more for a glass of beer than for his animals and the farm. He is often drunk, and his ensuing negligence causes the farm animals to protest and rebel against him. One night, Old Major, the prize Middle White Boar, wishes to share a strange dream with all the animals. Since the two-year old boar is greatly respected by all, the animals are willingRead MoreStatus Quo in George Orwell ´s Animal Farm Essay1798 Words   |  8 Pagescentral government for the sole purpose of maintaining the classes at the status quo. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, an allegorical satirical novel, the subject of Orwell’s satire is the byproduct of a revolution with Communist roots symbolized by a rebellion on a farm by the inhabited creatures. Two pigs from the animals, Snowball and Napoleon, self-establish themselves over the rest of their animals due to their superior intelligence. Being symbols of actual leaders, Snowball being Leon Trotsky whileRead MoreInvestigating The Rise Of The Nazi Party During The Weimar Republic Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Catchall theory. Alternative arguments to this suggest that those who were hurt by the economy and had little risk of unemployment labeled in the readings as the working poor supported the Nazi Party. This group of people disliked the on-going welfa re programs from the current government and were seeking for economic stability, new capital goods and more. In contrast those who were unemployed or at high risk of becoming unemployed were in favor of the Communist Party or Zentrum Party, these people

Economics and Ethics Free Essays

The area of ethics in economics is a divisive one, over which there has been considerable debate. Ethics has many interpretations in the history of philosophy as well as in economic history. Very simply, ethics refers to an understanding of certain forms of behavior as either right or wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics and Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.† (Ethics) However, there are many complex aspects to the understanding of ethics. An early idea of ethics was put forward by the philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the 19th Century. They suggested that ethical action was concerned with providing â€Å"†¦ the greatest balance of good over evil.† (Ethics) On the one hand, economics is fundamentally driven in a systems and practical sense by the need to acquire profit and accumulate wealth. On the other hand there is a growing debate about ethical responsibility and integrity in the business and economic world, with respect to aspects and issues that strictly fall outsider the ambit of the pure science of economics per se. Recent controversies, such as the Enron scandal have also highlighted the issue of ethics in economics and business. This leads to a vast array of issues and questions; such as the protection of future resources and the growing debate about the reality of environmental ethics as it relates to purely economic concerns. Questions are asked such as; can there ethically be a case for unconstrained economic adventurism and profiteering without paying attention to the moral and ethical dimensions of these actions? The debate and the dilemma that business faces in terms of ethical practices and views are concisely expressed in the following quotation. While â€Å"Businesses, in some parts of the world, have become integral participants in such causes as protecting the environment and alleviating poverty from economically depressed localities†, this concern with ethics is â€Å"†¦ confronted with the problem that economists have no other way to approach reality without concentrating on questions of utility.† ( Zaratiegui J. 1999) It is this focus on utilitarianism and the profit margin central to the capitalistic mode of economic production, which brings it into conflict with other issues and views and often results in a negative ethical assessment of business and economics. Therefore many critics are of the opinion that in an ethical sense the utilitarian focus of modern capitalism should be criticized. More importantly, theorists note that, â€Å"The nature of modern economics has been substantially impoverished by the distance that has grown between economics and ethics †¦ [economics] can be more productive by paying greater and more explicit attention to the ethical considerations that shape human behaviour and judgement.† (Sen, A. 1987, p 7.) It should also be noted that this debate and the alleged dissociation between economic thought and praxis and various ethical and critical stances, is a fairly recent phenomenon. In its origins modern economics was intimately connected to ethics and ethical motivations. Sen reminds us of the contrast between the â€Å"non-ethical† feature of modern economics and its genesis as an offshoot of ethics. At the time of its inception, then, the language of economics was comprised of normative elements. Nevertheless, over time, economics came to be considered an autonomous science, and its language and value judgments become increasingly more â€Å"positive.† It is this change in economic thought and praxis and the move towards a neutral or † value free† attitude towards ethical issues, with science as the motivating example, that has essentially created the present debate. However the debate about ethical involvement and responsibilities in economics continues to vacillate from one point of view to the other. On the one hand, economists argue that economic praxis and associated analytic techniques are ethically positive in that they help to predict human social and economic growth and development in a consistent way. Economists are also quick to argue and provide examples of the way that economic strategies uplift, develop and form a common basis for world interaction and harmony. â€Å".. it is regarded by some as beneficial, enabling economists to develop analytic techniques and make rational predictions of future human behavior. â€Å"(Zaratiegui J. 1999) On the other side of the argument there are many who interpret the alleged benefits of economics rather as the promotion of profit over ethical norms and principles. However in recent years there has at least ostensibly a reassessment of the ethical parameters of economics from within the economic community. As recently as a decade ago, many companies viewed business ethics only in terms of administrative compliance with legal standards and adherence to internal rules and regulations. Today the situation is different. Attention to business ethics is on the rise across the world and many companies realize that in order to succeed, they must earn the respect and confidence of their customers. This change is still based in the praxis of customer behavior and reaction but nevertheless it does show a change towards a greater awareness of ethical responsibly ion the world. Many of the ethical debates surrounding economics revolve around the complex issue of the interactions of business and commercial concerns and bio-ethics. Bio-ethics refers to the ethical demands and requisites in the interaction between the human and the non-human environment. As such, bio-ethics is difficult to relate to or argue in purely subjective or human terms; which make it all the more difficult to understand and react to from an economic perspective. A case in point which is still under discussion is the intended use of the oil reserves in the Arctic Wildlife Refuge. At present the debate about the exploitation of the Arctic National or ANWR has been in process for 20 years. (Endless debate drains political energy) The debate has tended to centre mainly on the exploitation of a sensitive ecological area as opposed to the economic and political value for the country from a potentially rich oil supply. The divergent viewpoints are expressed in the following assessment of the situation. To generalize, people who care most about the wildlife and wilderness don’t give a hoot about the oil; folks fixated on the oil think its value outweighs the wildlife and wildland concerns. The two sides are every bit as polarized and only a little less passionate than those battling over abortion rights† The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels.† (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) From an economic point of view, the use of this oil reserve will have many positive aspects. Besides the money that would be brought into the economy instead of flowing out in oil purchases, it would have positive internal and political implication as it would obviously mean less reliance on outside oil sources. The Energy Information Agency of the Department of Energy estimates that Alaska oil production averaged 902,000 barrels of oil per day from January through August 2004, about 16 percent of total U.S. oil production during that period, most of which comes from Prudhoe Bay. Opening up even a limited area of ANWR for drilling would offer the prospect of producing from Alaska possibly 40 percent or more of the oil consumed in America. This view can be seen as supporting the idea of an ethical position in the economic exploitation of the region in that it will be for the â€Å"greater good† of the international community to reduce America’s oil dependencies. The other side of the argument is that the exploitation of this region for profit will upset the delicate ecological balance and will further have a larger ecological impact. From this point of view the proposed economic actions are unethical. In essence the debate is centered on two very different world views which need an understanding of their underlying biases to be fully comprehended. Many similar points of dissention and lines of argument are formed in the ethical debate that has raged for years about animal experimentation for research. One has the argument for experimentation on the basis of ensuring human safety; while those opposed point out that this view still contravenes basic bio-ethics and the respect for life on this planet. On the one hand business and commerce stress the need to test products before public consumption and on the other hand activists state that many of these tests are simply attempts to placate the public and have no intrinsic scientific worth. Animal rights groups point out that animal experimentation is an extremely cruel endeavor. Among the many different types of animal extermination are the†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the toxicity and irritation testing of various consumer products, such as foodstuffs and cosmetics†¦extraction of products, and the development of drugs.† (Rollin, 1992, p. 136) One of the most criticized tests in this regard is the Draize eye irritant test. This test involves â€Å"†¦ placing a substance in the eyes of four to six rabbits and evaluating the effect.† (Thompson 1988, p15.) The results for these extremely cruel experiments are used for cautionary labels on various products such as soaps and cosmetics. One of the main arguments against commercial vivisection is that many scientists claim that there is no real scientific purpose to animal experimentation. This is a particularly the case with regard to animals which are used by pharmaceutical and chemical companies to test the toxicity of drugs and other substances, including cosmetics and household cleaners. This practice has been regularly criticized by doctors and scientists who are of the opinion that these experiments are not only unscientific but also flawed in many respects and even dangerous to human health. Countering these assertions the economists point to the many successful trials that have resulted in positive results and benefits for human beings and human health. The economic world is, as has been stated, becoming more aware of its ethical responsibilities. Some critics still see this new found ethical responsiveness in the scientific and economic communities as a reaction only to pubic opinion and customer perception. However there are also those who are more positive and who think that the economic community is becoming more aware and reacting more positively to the important ethical dimensions of their activities. How to cite Economics and Ethics, Essay examples

Secrets of the Mind Essay Example For Students

Secrets of the Mind Essay There are hundreds and thousands of cases when we are not able to explain why the brain acts in this or that way and why we feel strange things. As medical journals show, some of them have been repeating throughout certain periods of time causing confusion as well as demanding an explanation. The following stories had interested one neurologist. Case #1 Dr. Ramachandran diagnosed Derek Steen with what he called â€Å"Phantom limb syndrome†. The thing is that the patient could feel his amputated arm. The therapist’s task was to clear up the situation and figure out what caused Derek to have strange feelings and sensation in the limb that no longer existed. So, the doctor started his experiment by tipping body parts with a cotton stick. This would allow him to find out how the body reacts and what are the rates of feelings. The moment the therapist was touching Derek’s cheek, the patient could sense cotton stick moving across his right phantom limb. To Dr. Ramachandran’s opinion, the right side of the brain has the mapping of the left part of the body that is transferred with the help of cortex usually called the primary somatosensory cortex. What Dr. Ramachandran had found was that the sensory pathways in the brain were reorganized after the patient had his hand dismembered. The crux of the matter lies behind the fact that after the hand had been amputated, the signals that control face senses started the occupation of the brain areas that were responsible for hand senses. As a result, the patient had the same feelings in the phantom limb as on the cheek. Case #2 Graham struggled unusual condition, unable to see anything around him. Blindsight, as they called it, was his diagnosis. His peculiarity lied behind the ability to sense the world. However, he could feel and sense things mowing only in the field of vision on the left, while the field of view on the right seemed to be shut off. The doctor realized trues definition of the vision, which is not only about seeing things but also feeling and detecting them, even if you have no idea of the object or subject. Having conducted research, Dr. Ramachandran came up with a new understanding of our vision. He concluded that our eyes have two pathways: one pathway leads to the visual cortex responsible for the recognition of things, and another one serves as a connection between the eyes and the brain dealing with the sense of things. So, each pathway has a different function when it comes to visual activity. If the visual cortex is unaffected and the pathway functioned in a proper way, Graham would not be suffering blindsight. Visual cortex with the wrecked pathway caused Graham to only sense and feel things moving, without exact detection of the object. Case #3 Peggy Palmer was the patient who suffered slightly different condition. Her diagnosis was not Blind Sight, but, what they called, visual neglect. The stroke in the parietal lobe of the brain caused such a condition Dr. Ramachandran gave his explanation saying that due to parietal lobes, our brain produces a 3D image of the world making it possible to have a good direction sense. What concerned Peggy, she saw only one side, either left or right. To put it simply, she could see only half of the reality. So they conducted one experiment in order to prove this theory. They asked the patient to represent the flower, the one she remembered, on the paper. During the procedure, the doctor noticed that Peggy was depicting the plant, but the right half of it only. That was how the patient saw things. The expression of surprise overwhelmed her when they said that it was only half of the flower. The patient did not even suspect that all her life she was not able to see things as they were and actually had a vision problem. So, another conclusion can be made: besides the difficulty with the visual perception, the patient had some awareness issues. Dr. Ramachandran divided the brain into around thirty areas, each of them is responsible for different aspects such as perception of color, depth, movement, shape etc. Visual input is divided into two links concerned with the processing. One of them is known as â€Å"How pathway† responsible for guidance and directions, another one is called â€Å"What pathway† that has to do with the identification of objects. .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 , .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .postImageUrl , .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 , .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970:hover , .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970:visited , .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970:active { border:0!important; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970:active , .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970 .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u112c1436cdb701dbb9ec4e94f537e970:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayCase #4 This case is an example of what happens when the â€Å"What pathway† is damaged. David’s diagnosis was Capgras syndrome. For him, it was hard to recognize people whom he knew. Moreover, he did not even recognize his parents and home. From time to time, he did forget that who he was and behaved himself like a totally different person. The neurologist believed that temporal lobes had to do with it. In case the temporal lobe is damaged and hardly send any signal to the amygdala when the person is seeing or looking at things, then they are unable to show the emotional reaction. As a result,   they start denying things and expressing their disagreement with what they see. Our understanding of the world is intertwined with the emotional response to the world meaning that anyone who suffers this condition to overcome it. Case #5 TLE, or in other words Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, had affected John Sharon causing him painful seizures. The patient experienced emotions, which created a feeling of special linking to the world surrounding him. It often happened that John could come up with his philosophy and view of life. After seizures, John often spoke of small and unimportant objects as of the most significant things in his life. As Dr. Ramachandran said, seizures induced by temporal lobe may cause people to think and feel strange and powerful emotions. That energy that lives within the person after a seizure is often treated as the sense of the presence of God. Dr. Ramachandran is sure that temporal lobe is the one that influences the pathways which make people consider objects that really do not matter as the most important and special ones.

How to Integrate WordPress With Amazon (2 Methods)

WordPress and Amazon are both powerful platforms that enable you to easily sell your products online. However, theyre fairly different in their approach, and each has its own pros and cons.  If you learn how  to integrate WordPress with Amazon, though, youll be able to  make the most out of both platforms and sell more products.The idea here isnt to set up a shop on each platform and hope for the best. Instead, youll want to determine  the most efficient integration possible to maximize your earning potential. For example, you could use Amazon to monetize your WordPress posts  with affiliate links. Or, if you already sell your own products, you could sync your WooCommerce store with Amazon for even more visibility.In this article, were going to talk about why you should integrate WordPress with Amazon. Then well teach you two ways to do just that. Lets get down to business! Amazon is one of the most popular online marketplaces around.At first glance, WordPress and Amazon ar ent that similar.  Amazon enables you to sell  your products using its own platform, while with WordPress you need to set up your own online shop using plugins such as WooCommerce. However, WordPress has an ace up its sleeve when it comes to integration – it can be made to work with almost any other popular platform.In this case, the key is finding the right integration to help your bottom line.  There are a couple of excellent options:Use Amazons affiliate program to monetize your WordPress blog. Amazons affiliate program is one of the largest of its kind and offers  a quick way to monetize your blog posts.List your products on both platforms to increase visibility. The more eyes you get on your products, the greater your chances of selling them should be. Plus, you can use your WordPress website to drive more sales towards Amazon and vice versa.If either of these examples sounds intriguing, then youre in luck – were going to teach you how to implement both of them.How to integrate WordPress with Amazon (in two ways)Before we dive in, its worth noting that the following two methods arent the only ways to get WordPress and Amazon to work together. However, theyre perfect examples of what you can do with a little work and the right plugin. Lets start with the easiest integration.1. Add Amazon affiliate links to your WordPress postsWhen you sign up to Amazons affiliate program, you get  a unique ID  you can use to generate links, banner ads, and widgets for your site. Each time a visitor clicks on one of these links and buys something, you get a commission – its that simple.Furthermore, your visitors dont necessarily have to purchase the exact products you link them to for you to make money. As long as they buy something after clicking a link thats tied to your account, youll get a share of that money.The problem is, a content-rich affiliate blog can send users to dozens if not hundreds of products. By default, you have to genera te and add links to each individual product, which can get out of hand fast. Thats where the Amazon Auto Links plugin comes in: Amazon Auto Links Amazon Associates Affiliate Plugin Author(s): Michael Uno (miunosoft)Current Version: 3.8.14Last Updated: May 22, 2019amazon-auto-links.3.8.14.zip 86%Ratings 262,488Downloads WP 3.4+Requires This straightforward tool enables you to generate sections that link to products your audience might like, based on current Amazon rankings and the categories you choose.Youll first need to  install and activate the plugin, then find the new Amazon Auto Links tab on your dashboard. After that, click on Manage Units → Add Unit by Category:By unit, the plugin means  an advertising section that will display particular types of items. Choose a name for your new unit so youll recognize it later, and remember to enter your Amazon Associate ID as well:The rest of the settings here are self-explanatory. Make whatever selections youd like, a nd be  sure to keep the Auto Insert option on (well talk more about this in a moment).When youre done, you can click on Proceed. On the next screen, youll need to choose the category of products you want your unit to display:Once youve found the right  entry, click on the Add Category button. Keep in mind  that you can add multiple categories to each unit if youd like. When youre ready, click on Create to complete the process.Remember how we told you to keep the Auto Insert option turned on? By default, your new unit will be placed below the content on your posts and pages. However, you can configure its display settings by navigating  to  Amazon Auto Links → Manage Auto-insert and clicking the Edit option for the unit you want to customize:Look for the section called  Where to Enable, which will let you choose where to display your unit:If you want more control over your display settings, you can always opt to use shortcodes instead. For more information on how t o do that, check out the plugins main WordPress page  for  detailed instructions.2. Publish your WooCommerce products on AmazonTo make the most out of this integration, youll want to have a WooCommerce store already set up. After all, the goal here is to either use WordPress to drive users towards Amazon or list your products on both platforms to make more sales.Lets walk through how to use the WP-Lister Lite for Amazon plugin  to link your WooCommerce store to  Amazon. As usual, youll need to install and activate it before getting started: WP-Lister Lite for Amazon Author(s): WP LabCurrent Version: 1.0.1Last Updated: September 20, 2019wp-lister-for-amazon.zip 72%Ratings 54,288Downloads WP 4.2+Requires Once the plugin is set up, youll need to  connect your Amazon account to your WordPress site. To do that, go to the Amazon tab in your WordPress backend, and look for the Settings → Account screen. Choose which Amazon store you signed up for (Amazon US, UK, et c.) and follow the instructions on your screen to complete the linking process:Now move on to the Categories tab under Settings, and enable the categories youre authorized to sell on Amazon. Keep in mind that some categories require Amazon to pre-approve you, so youll want to avoid those for now:Once youre happy with your settings, save them and youre ready to go. All thats left to do now is either match your WooCommerce products to existing ones on Amazon or publish them independently if theyre not already on the platform.You can find detailed instructions for both methods by clicking the links above.ConclusionWordPress versatility makes it perfect for integration with other platforms, and Amazon is no  exception. By using a plugin or two, youll be able to tap into the latters massive audience and use it to monetize your blog or manage sales on both channels directly from WordPress. Add Amazon Affiliate links to your WordPress posts automatically, using Amazon Auto Links.Link you r Amazon and WooCommerce stores together with  WP-Lister Lite for Amazon.Do you have any questions about how to integrate WordPress with Amazon? Ask away in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Weimar Society and Culture Essay Example

Weimar Society and Culture Essay Example Weimar Society and Culture Paper Weimar Society and Culture Paper Essay Topic: All Quiet On the Western Front The good years for Weimar Germany were from 1924 to 1929, when the Republic got through the crises of 1923 and entered a stage of stability. The economy at this time was prosperous and the political chaos turned to constancy. The brilliant culture of Germany made it the centre of European creativity. This was in the areas of music, film, art, literature, science and more where Berlin showed great talents! Berlin was now seen as one of the most exciting cities in Europe, and Germany was accepted back as an equal in to the community. Theatre and the cabaret especially flourished in Weimar society and culture with the concept of Proletarian Theatre developed by Erwin Piscator coming in to play. This theatre produced plays as well as challenging views of the members of society which hadn’t been seen much before this time. A man named Bertolt Brecht along with composer Kurt Weill; they created The Threepenny Opera, a production that became very successful when it first appeared in 1928. Brecht was a communist and his work usually expressed his lack of exception with the commercial mid-class culture. Most theatre pieces of Germany were different to the past because much of it had a political and social message. When it came to the cinema, Berlin had a very progressive film industry. In the 1920’s, more films were produced then in the rest of Europe combined. Many amazing German directors were discovered who included Fritz Lang, Joseph von Sternberg and Ernst Lubitsch. Some of the movie master pieces these men created include: The Cabinet of Dr Caligari, The Blue Angel, Metropolis and Nosferatu. Blue Angel launched its star Marlene Dietrich who became world famous. Nosferatu was a German horror movie and so was The Cabinet of Dr Caligari. The Cabinet of Dr Caligari was directed in 1919 by Robert Wiene; and is the story of murder and deception set in a small German town of Hols enwall. Both of these horror movies were re-made again in the future. Great film companies made German cinema one of the most notable in the world (a position it never again achieved). Leading composers of atonal music taught and heard their works first performed in Weimar Germany. The following decade in Germany was full of wonderful writers and great literature. Some of these writers include Hermann Hesse, Thomas Mann and Erich Maria Remarque who was famous for his novel ‘All Quiet on the Western Front. ’ A. q. o. t. w. f. was published in 1928 and was the most famous of all his work. The novel is about the cruelty of war from a soldier’s perspective. Thomas Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1929, most probably because of his successful novels Buddenbrooks and magic mountain. The famous school of architecture ‘Bauhaus’ came across the new designs for German building. Walter Gropius was the founder of the school in 1919, believed that art should work with technology and make a change to the buildings they were to create. The school reflected the issues going on in Germany and rejected the older more traditional styles that were seen in the dire times of the country. Berlin, in particular, became a thriving midpoint of many new art movements such as Dadaism and expressionism. Artists used techniques that were new and unusual to produce meaningful works that expressed the world and reality. Artists liked to express there feelings and emotions; most of the time reflecting the suffering and hardships many German’s had to go through in society. The major artists of this period include George Grosz, Otto Dix and Max Ernst (as well as many more). Max Ernst was particularly famous because of his weird behaviour and unorthodox methods. The Weimar artists were first influenced by Russia and the USA. The assembly line technique that was developed in the American auto industry, the skyscraper, and styles of the American’s mass consumption seemed to be the core of modern Weimar artists. They adapted some American forms but often used them critically and creatively. Germany had the most educated population in Europe so it made technological and scientific advances during the 1920’s. Seven Nobel prizes were won by German scientists through out the decade; and had the most famous scientists of them all; Albert Einstein who worked in Germany until 1933. Einstein was a theoretical physicist who was best known for his theory of relativity which is E=mc2. He won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. A man named Karl Mannheim developed theories encouraged by a synthesis of socialism and Freudian therapy that have proven highly influential in the twentieth-century. In addition to that, the Weimar Republic inherited excellent universities and science centres. Gottingen was the worlds most famous centre for physics, and German was the international language in physics and chemistry. The technology of Weimar Germany also boomed. The world’s first great passenger airship was created and named the Graf Zeppelin. This humongous plane was created by a company called Luftschiffbau Zeppelin and was filled with oxygen to make its crossings to the USA and South America. One day it even flew around the whole world! Another German airship made was named the Hindenburg and only to destroy itself while attempting landing in 1937. Also communications advances such as the radio were developed. The New roads and railways were being made, so now the motor industry including the Mercedes and the BMW flourished. Like any catastrophe, the Great Inflation also had important social effects; which hit many people of the middle class. For example, young girls were permitted by their parents to hire themselves out as prostitutes so long as they were paid with butter, one of the most precious goods of inflation-ridden Germany. Government officials once who were corrupt; willingly accepted bribes in the form of food or foreign money in exchange for permits and ration cards. One might even see government officials and men of the world of high finance courting drunken sailors without shame. In Berlin, hundreds of men dressed as women, and hundreds of women as men under the accepting eyes of the police! Not saying all Germans reacted to the inflation in this way, even the middle class. One of the more serious reactions to the uncertain economy was the growing suspicion amongst the middle class that the Jews were somehow responsible.

Stem cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stem cell - Research Paper Example due to the fact that Governor Perry was in Iowa as part of his his campaign for nomination in the 2012 campaign for election as President of the United States this â€Å"transformation† in his views is being interpreted as an event of national significance. The election campaign is not mentioned directly, but it forms the backdrop to the whole discussion. Dann reports in effect that there has been a shift in Governor Perry’s position from a qualified anti-abortion stance, allowing exceptions for some situations, to an absolute anti-abortion position, which would prevent women from having the option of abortion even in cases where there is rape and/or incest involved. The context of the quotation from Governor Perrry is given in full, namely a meeting at the Full Faith Christian Center in Chariton in which there was a question asked about whether signatories to the â€Å"Personhood USA† pledge really mean what they say when they sign up to absolute prevention of abortion. The author raises the possibility that perhaps Governor Perry was making this statement simply as part of his electioneering stance, and that perhaps he may not have meant it sincerely, only to demolish this theory with definitive statements from unnamed â€Å"Viewers† (Dann, 2011, p.1) who confess initial scepticism, but ultimate belief in Governor Perry’s change of heart. The pastor, too, adds his support to this interpretation. This is a significant piece of news because it reflects one of the key policy areas that the new President will have to decide upon once elected. Abortion is a hotly contested area of on-going debate in the United States, with strong views on both sides of the fence, ranging from those who argue for free choice for all women in all circumstances, to those who, like Perry in this article, appear to argue for the absolute banning of abortion. Most people sit somewhere along this spectrum, with a willingness to take on board the views of others to a certain extent. I

Power in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Power in Organizations - Essay Example The literature on power is wide-ranging and multifaceted. However the implications of the research on power within organizations have stayed principally unknown. Power cannot be separated from organizational communications a reason why power is instilled in every organizational institution (Clegg, Courpasson & Phillips, 2006, pp.2-6). Formal structure of authority, leadership standards prevailing in the organization, organizational environment, familiar processes of working, and aims and commitments of organizational members are the major forces that transform the use and distribution of power within an organization. Thus this determines the degree of power than an individual has in comparison to others in the organization (Bacon, 2011, p.217). Organizations have a dependence on adequate resources that include â€Å"money, materials, technology, personnel, and support† and these resources are required in a flow for an organization to perform successfully. Sources of power inte rnal and external to an organization may be obtained owing to these control measures (Morgan, 2006, p.169). Several authors have given their views and opinions on the study of power within organizations. These include the elements of power, the different dimensions of control that are exercised through the powers available to different organizational members, and thus the ultimate uses of power. This report would particularly focus on the concept of power in the organizations and study its uses and implications on different control measures mainly in the context of Berkley-Thomas’ analytical framework. Implications of Power within Organizations: Various researchers have conducted various studies on the topic of power within organizations. For example, Machiavelli provided a â€Å"strategic and decentralized† view on use of power within organizations. He studied power as a resource to gain strategic advantages of the company. Hobbes believed that power was centralized a nd had greater attentions on independence. Weber’s approach to the study of power was associated to bureaucracy and power in this respect was connected to organizational rules and influence. Dahl had continued with Weber’s theory and further associated it with human resources. Bachrach and Baratz criticized Dahl’s concept reflecting doubts on a decision making process being truly democratic as previous studies presented. Lukes developed this theory and emphasized on a three dimensional study on power (Theories of power, n.d., pp.33-37). The case study provides the views and studies of several such authors and theorists with respect to power structure in organizations. However, this report would try to reflect the concerned topic in regard to the analytical framework as formed and analyzed by Berkley-Thomas. The concept of leadership has different meanings to different human beings. Alan Berkeley Thomas had given his view on leadership as â€Å"Even in everyday usage the term ‘leadership’ is ambiguous. It is used to refer to the holders of certain formally defined positions in an organization, as when speaking of the ‘party leadership’ or ‘the union leadership’. But it is also used to denote a particular type of behavior; when someone is commended for displaying ‘outstanding leadership’ it is their actions that are being praised† (Gill, 2006, p.7). Concept of Power Structure in Organizations in the context of Berkley-Thomas’ analytical framework: Looking at the modern organizations, the structure within organizations can be viewed as not been fixed, objective bodies that may exist independently. Organizational structures are rather found to be â€Å"

To what extent is Michelangelo's David a Republican sculpture Essay

To what extent is Michelangelo's David a Republican sculpture - Essay Example Although David stems from the bible, there are artistic entities in how Michelangelo captured the image that is unique and shows the human and majestic attributes of the character. The first basis of the political importance of David is the role he played in Christianity. David is considered as the greatest King to the Israel kingdom, and this directly symbolizes strength in Florence, which is a largely Christian community. Various achievements by David in the bible such as the defeat of Goliath are seen as elements that best describe the might of David. Furthermore the expansion of Israel under David’s rule is another entity that draws political inference to the sculpture. The presence of the sculpture in Florence is a reflection of the intended message conveyed to the community as well as visitors. Interpretations of the artwork have been associated to the readiness of Florence to defend itself from any attackers, from the use of David, his representation in art, and significance of David to the Christian community2. Details in the art are necessary in the political perspective to the sculpture. The position, as well as accessories that the sculpture carries has a meaning to the republican ideas of freedom and rights. Since David conquered Goliath, a giant in physical proportions, he is the symbol of bravely and his use of a sling to accomplish this task adds to the use of simple and available resource to overcome political challenges3. Engaging Goliath using a sling, three stones and faith in the lord describes the pillars by which a political establishment should be founded. Florence having faith in the lord is a sign of strength and the  presence of David’s statue  reminds the populace that  faith and resilience  are vital in our everyday life. These attributes of David are not restricted to the battle field, since governance should also follow the same principles. Considering David as Israel’s greatest king and his humble begins is both

Globalization Is A Major Driving Force Commerce Essay

Globalization Is A Major Driving Force Commerce Essay Human interaction is on pace of increasing day by day with the help of new technology. We first were comfortable interacting at local, then at national and now expanding to international level. Its not only interaction but we are expanding our business at international level. Thus the word used Globalization. Globalization is a major driving force for this change the companies in this marketplace are facing. The degree of success of these companies also varies significantly. The question arises, hence, if there is a correlation between the extent of globalization of these companies, and the success they experience in their respective operations. This study has researched this question. The globalization process involves the establishment of economic, political, social, and technological links among countries. Globalization has become todays need of each and every company. Todays small scale industries aim is globalization. In todays changing world the following are the factors that lead to globalization- The Internet The Internet has served to completely eliminate the physical barrier of distance that used to exist in regards to transmission of information. People from anywhere in the world communicates instantly with people anywhere else through the connection provided by the Internet. Governments have very difficult time restricting information within their borders because the Internet doesnt respect or acknowledge international borders. The result is information freely passing throughout the world. Certain governments fear this freedom of information and take steps to prevent it. China, for example, limits this effect by blocking certain websites within its borders. Technology: The most important tool used in todays world is technology. Its role is vital with reference to business continuity. Technology is the vital force in the modern form of business globalization. Technology has revolutionized the global economy and has become critical competitive strategy. It has globalized the world, which drive all the countries to more ethical standards. Globalization has led to new markets and information technology is one of the technologies fostered to the new market in this increasing competitive world. Technology has helped us in overcoming the major hurdles of globalization and international trade such as trade barrier, lack of common ethical standard, transportation cost and delay in information exchange, thereby changing the market place. Technology has enabled the software experts to work collaboratively over the network with companies from around the world. The technological advancement has helped a lot in creation and growth of global market. Multinational Corporations (MNC) can be seen as a central actor in globalization. Markets have become global at a rapid pace, as indicated by several kinds of trade extended to foreign countries. The innovation in host country is often undertaken by MNC based in one country and due to the technological advancement MNC(s) have expanded to other countries by some kinds of FDI also facilitating the movement of research and development. The researchers have analysed that though the technology has globalized the business but economically well developed countries have been more benefited. While technology has created many opportunities for global networks of tasks it is important to look at the friction in the system to understand the limitations. The sources of friction are many and could bring the system to its knees. Companies and countries that want to thrive in this era of globalization will seek to mitigate the abuses, while dealing with the friction. Technology is further divided into the following areas like communication technology, Economic Technology, Transport Technology. Economic Technology: Economic globalization is driven ahead by the ability of international businessmen, bankers and brokers to conduct business in ways that were never possible prior to modern technology. Trades and investments are made instantly with little regard for international borders, time of day or distance via todays technology. In addition, products that used to require shipping, and therefore import and export, such as books, CDs and movies are now digitally distributed, further leading to business globalization. Transport Technology: Improving technology has completely changed the transportation industry in the post-war world. Technology advances lead to transportation that was more readily available, more reliable, faster and more cost efficient. In the latter half of the 20th century, it became in many cases more cost efficient to ship certain products halfway across the world than to manufacture them at home. This plays a very important role in the ongoing globalization trend. Communications Technology: Communications of all kinds, even above and beyond the Internet, is another key component to globalization. Not only has communication throughout the world become possible, it has also become affordable. Long distance phone calls cost much less money, fax machines allowed people to transmit full documents even before email came along and cell phones ensure that everyone anywhere can stay in touch. This allows corporations to extend their reach at small cost across international borders, leading to increased globalization of industry. The Process of Globalization: Globalization involves the creation of linkages or interconnections between nations. It is usually understood as a process in which barriers (physical, political, economic, cultural) separating different regions of the world are reduced or removed, thereby stimulating exchanges in goods, services, money, and people. Removal of these barriers is called liberalization. As these exchanges grow, nations, and the businesses involved, become increasingly integrated and interdependent. Globalization promotes mutual reliance between countries. Globalization can have many advantages for business such as new markets, a wider choice of suppliers for goods and services, lower prices, cheaper locations for investment, and less costly labour. It can also carry dangers because dependence on foreign suppliers and markets leaves businesses vulnerable to events in foreign economies and markets outside their control. Take the examples of Spain and Italy and their dependence on foreign countries for their energy supplies; they illustrate how important the interlinkages brought about by globalization can be, and what can happen when things go wrong. Since the 1980s, natural gas has become increasingly important in Spain as a source of energy. Spain itself produces an insignificant amount of oil and coal. As a result it depends on foreign suppliers for 99% of its natural gas requirements which is growing by 15% per annum. Three quarters of its gas supply comes from three African countries, Algeria, Nigeria, and Libya. These countries are potentially unstable both politically and economically. This leaves Spains power stations and four million Spanish consumers very vulnerable to any instability with their African suppliers (see the International Atomic Energy Authority web site www.iaea.org; and Isbel). Italy is dependent on cross-border supplies of electricity from Switzerland. In 2003 major sections of the Italian economy were brought to a standstill. Let us see the impact of Globalization on in the area of renewable energy and industrial energy efficiency. Globalization of Renewable Energy In recent years, the world has seen a dynamic shift of the energy landscape in terms of consumption, which has drastically increased, and with it, the reliance on energy resources, which are terminal. In this backdrop, the necessity to use the existing resources available in the most efficient manner has gained substantial importance, as has the unavoidable necessity to develop perennial energy resources. There are a large number of companies worldwide active in this area, most of them having started their specialized activities when the topic of energy efficiency and renewability was not as fashionable as it is today. Most of these companies have been small businesses, focused in their region and specific field of operation. In these changing times, these small businesses have grown both in terms of regional coverage of operations, and diversity of portfolio of offerings. In India, and particularly in Maharashtra, there are several such companies in operation. Not only does a conducive business and production atmosphere lead to start-up and thriving activities of the entrepreneurs of these companies but also the availability of renewable energy resources (such as geothermal resources) in Maharashtra lead to the presence of such companies in this state. The presence of industry leads to a market for industrial energy efficiency solutions. The growth has, in most cases, brought along with it not only promising opportunities, but also substantial challenges. The strategic direction of the business, careful selection of portfolio elements to ensure profitability on a sustained basis, ensuring the availability of finance to fuel the growth, recruiting, orientation retraining and retaining qualified staff and operations in previously unknown markets are some of the possible challenges faced. The current trends clearly show that businesses active in this area are rapidly gaining market and investor visibility as the solutions provided by them are eagerly sought after by a wide variety of customers in a global marketplace. Globalization is a major driving force for this change the companies in this marketplace are facing. The degree of success of these companies also varies significantly. The question arises, hence, if there is a correlation between the extent of globalization of these companies, and the success they experience in their respective operations. This study has researched this question. Renewable Energy Industrial Energy Efficiency Renewable energy (RE), as stated by the International Energy Agency (IEA), is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and bio-fuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Energy Efficiency (EE) is the use of lesser amount of energy to produce or provide an unchanged (or higher) level of output. The efforts, mechanisms and technologies used for achieving energy efficiency vary widely, ranging from energy saving lamps and improved thermal insulation in homes and buildings, to highly efficient drives and motors and industrial waste heat recovery for power and heat generation in industry. The term is referred to as Industrial Energy Efficiency (IEE) in an industrial context. According to the IEA, renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said, in a report by the American Councils on Renewable Energy (ACORE), and for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy Globalization Success Globalization has come to be a very widely used term in recent decades in various realms. The most common reference is, though, made in terms of its occurrence and impact in the area of trade and business. Of the many definitions of globalization available in the public domain, the one that identifies it as a generic term for all processes of international integration arising from increasing human connectivity and interchange of worldviews, products, services, capital, ideas, and other aspects of business and culture sums it up appropriately. The significant development in digital communication, especially owing to the advent and rise of the World Wide Web, and in the transportations systems and infrastructure for both humans and goods are major enablers and drivers of globalization, leading to an increased interdependence of economic activities world-wide. Globalization of companies, as this study has attempted to capture and quantify, has several dimensions, including global presence, source of financing and capital, markets of their end products, elements of their value chain from suppliers, to research development and workforce etc. Measuring the extent of the companies globalization using these dimensions has provided an objective basis for making their data and attributes comparable with each other on a uniform scale. Success as a term does not require further elaboration. In the context of this study, though, success has been seen to have several dimensions, including the viability of a commercial enterprise, market share, shareholder value, financial performance, strategic direction and employee satisfaction, to name a few. Globalization: At the start of the 21st century there is one issue that is discussed more than almost any other. That issue is called globalization. Hardly a day goes by without globalization being mentioned by politicians, broadcasters, and newspapers. It has made its way in schools, colleges, and universities too. It can even be heard in discussions among the general public in the street, in shops or at work. It seems almost anything that happens today can be attributed to or blamed upon globalization. We all have probably heard the expression Its a small world. People have been saying it for years but now it is true. Just check out the labels on your clothes almost certainly they have been made in another part of the world. Turn on the computer and the internet will give you access to websites almost anywhere. Look at sport on television and you will see that it has a worldwide audience. So why do we now live in a small world? The answer lies with improved travel and communications which have made links with other people and countries around the world so much quicker and easier. These links have increased at such a rapid rate that we now have a new word to describe it. The word is globalization. But what exactly is globalization? Relatively few people can answer this question. This is not surprising as even the experts cannot agree on what globalization means. Making sense of globalization should be a priority for anyone concerned about the future well being of the human race and our planet. The word globalization is now so widely used that a typical internet search engine will give you over two million results! New world or new word? One of the central debates concerning globalization is the use of the word itself. Many people, including politicians mostly use this word to describe the changing nature of the world around us as we move further into the 21st century. It is used to explain changes in world politics, in the global economy, in trade and industry, in crime and terrorism, in environmental threats and solutions and also social attitudes and behavior. Others take a more critical view of globalization and say that it does not describe or explain a new word at all. To them it is simply a new buzz word for patterns and processes, such as colonization, migration and international trade that have been happening for decades or even centuries. By labeling these as globalization they argue that people are ignoring the past and the lessons it has taught us. Globalization is what we in the Third World have for several centuries called colonization. Martin Khor, Director of Third World network. Malaysia. One can be sure that virtually every one of the 2882 academic papers on globalization written in 1998 include its own definition of globalization as would each of the 589 new books on the subject published in that year. The Globalization Guide 2002. Australian Apec Study Centre. Defining the Indefinable? With so many different views on globalization, defining the term is a very difficult task. However there are some common features of most definitions, which are worth considering at an outset. Interdependency the idea that people around the world are increasingly dependent on one another. What happens in one place has an effect on people elsewhere. Interconnection the idea that we are connected to people and places that were previously distant and unknown. Shrinking of Space The idea that distances are less important. Far off places are now within reach. Speeding up of time the idea that the world is operating at an even faster pace. News, money, ideas, information and people are moving around with increasing speed. Technology the idea that technological developments, such as jet aircraft, telephones, the internet, satellite television, etc make globalization possible. Capital the idea that it is the flow of money and investments around the world that drives the globalization process. Globalization is not new, but the present era has distinctive features. Shrinking space, shrinking time, and disappearing borders are linking peoples lives more deeply, more intensely, more immediately than ever before. United Nations Human Development Report. 1999 Today, every part of the natural and human world is linked to every other. Local decisions have a global impact. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The State Of The Worlds Population 2001 The world we are in: Whether we choose to use the word or not, we live in a world where globalization affects all of us. The clothes we wear, the food we eat, the television we watch, the holidays we take, the cars we travel in, the music we listen to , and the news we follow bring us into closer contact with previously distant people and places. Although many of these encounters may pass unnoticed, anyone living in the worlds more developed countries experience some form of global interaction every day. And in the less developed countries of the world, peoples lives are increasingly shaped by global forces. This means that globalization is a truly worldwide process. It directly affects each one of us and more importantly affected by us itself. New transport, communication, and information technologies intensify competition while allowing firms to spread and manage international operations more efficiently. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report, 2001. A Fast Moving World: Faster, faster, fasterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Speed is a central element of globalization. All around us the world seems to be moving at an ever faster rate. The best example of this is the movement of information. In 2001 more information could be sent over a single cable in a second than was sent over the entire internet in a month in 1997. The speed of international communications and information flow is getting faster by the day. Technological developments, particularly in the computer and telecommunications industry are so rapid that keeping up can be a real problem. Computers bought only a few years ago can seem almost impossibly slow compared to the latest available models. People can now use their mobile phones to access the internet or have news or sports results sent to them as the events happen to them. None of this was possible just a few years ago. Indeed it seems like something from a science fiction movie as little as ten years ago. It is this rapid development that makes globalization possible. But it also raises serious concerns for those who cannot keep up with the pace of change. What happens to those who are left out of the technological revolution? This is an issue of great concern to critics of globalization. Since 1970, the speed of microprocessors has doubled every eighteen months. On the move: Some of the greatest technological developments of the past have been in transportation and this plays a vital role in globalization. From the horse drawn stagecoach to the train, from the car to the jet air craft human beings have constantly managed to shrink space by reducing journey time. Today, jet aircrafts have made international travel easier and more affordable. Business leaders can fly to their factories, partners, or clients in other cities or countries in just a few hours. This has helped production, labour forces, and markets to become increasingly international. The jet aircraft has also caused a boon in travel for personal and leisure purposes. This can be most clearly measured by the growth in international tourism an industry that many consider to be the clearest example of globalization. In 1950 there were just 25 million international arrivals (people arriving in countries all over the world). In 2000 this figure rose to 698 million which further rose to a whooping 1 billion in 2010. Improved methods of transport allow faster movement of goods around the world. For instance Kenyan companies use air freight to fly fresh flowers to Europe every night. This is so efficient that flowers can take as little as 36 hours to get from the fields in Kenya to supermarkets in Europe. Without such improvements it would have been impossible for Kenyan flower farms to compete in the European market, as their goods would have perished using more traditional transport such as ships. This is what we call international trade. Even transport by ship has speeded up, thanks to incredible engineering achievements such as the Suez Canal (connecting the Indian ocean to the Mediterranean, and onwards to the Atlantic), and the Panama Canal (connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans). The Panama Canal avoids the need for shipping to travel around the tip of South America saving a distance of up to 8000 nautical miles. Theses canals reduced journey time drastically and boosted international trade another central element of globalization. The creation of a water passage across Panama was one of the supreme human achievements of all time. The canal is an expression of that old and noble desire to bridge the divide, to bring people together David McCullough, The Path Between The Seas, 1977. The world wide web: The internet is often seen as the ultimate symbol of globalization. It allows us to communicate with people on the other side of the world, to do business with distant companies, and to share experiences with people we may never meet. It brings the world into our schools, homes and offices. Is the internet really as global as we think that it is known as the World Wide Web? Nonetheless it has plenty of users but it is still less than 1 in 6 of the worlds population. Most internet use is concentrated in just a few key regions and countries of the world. Around 80% of internet users live in the more developed regions that are home to just 14% of the worlds population. The vast majority of the worlds people play little or no part in this technological revolution. This has led many to say that the world wide web is more like a series of hubs with the rest of the world simply passed by. In fact this makes the internet highly appropriate as a symbol of globalization because time and again as one notices it is the same places that are included and excluded from other aspects of globalization. The question we have to learn to ask about new technology is not whether it benefits us, but whom does it benefit most? For the electronic revolution has far more to offer the largest enterprises on the planet than it does to you and me. Jerry Mander, President of International Forum on Globalisation Supporters of globalization argue that communications technology will help poorer, less developed countries to catch up with the more developed. South Asia is home to 23 percent of the worlds population, but has just 1 percent of its internet users. It will provide them with new opportunities to sell their produce, attract overseas investors, and perhaps also encourage international tourism. Critics are also concerned that the same technology also makes it easier for already wealthy economies to take advantage of the same opportunities. If this happens then the benefits may only add to the wealth of the already existing and have less developed regions still catching up. Money Matters: Globalization is most often discussed in relation to the growth of international trade. Global trading activities have grown enormously over the past few decades because it has become so much easier to move capital and goods from one country to another. Companies and investors can make decisions and transfer goods from once country to another at the touch of a button. The growth of international trade has been equally impressive, with merchandise (raw materials and manufactured goods) trade increasing twenty fold between 1948 and 2000. Trade in a more deregulated environment lowers the income share of the poor, whereas trade in a more regulated environment raises the share of the poor. Christian E. Weller and Adam Hersh, The Long and Short of it: Global Liberalization Poverty And Inequality Economic Policy Institute. Washington DC, USA, 2002 Technological developments such as the internet and improved methods of transport help make this possible, but there is another important factor. This is known as the opening up of economies to greater trade. This simply opening up means that government removes barriers to international trade, making it easier for foreign companies to invest in and trade with their economies. The idea behind this so called free trade system is to allow companies and individuals to choose more freely where to locate or conduct business. While doing so, they are able to choose lower cost opportunities and maximize their profits. These higher profits can then be reinvested in further projects which in turn will lead to even greater benefits and the cycle moves on. Supporters of globalization believe that by encouraging economies to open up for free trade system it will create more jobs and lead to greater wealth for all. However opponents of free trade system argue that job insecurity and poverty have both increased because of free trade and that it is often the poorest that have been hardest hit. Openness to international market forces and competition is expected to allow developing countries to alter both the pace and the pattern of their participation in international trade to catch up with industrial countries. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Trade and Development Report, 2002. International hotspots a select few: Critics of globalization point out that trade and investment are usually limited to a few international hot spots. This can be easily noticed in the distribution of investments in trade and industry around the world, using a measure FDI. Using FDI, we can see that the critics have a good point. Just three regions, the USA, the European Union, and Japan dominate FDI. Between 2008 and 2010, they account for 85% of outgoing investment and 75% of incoming investment. These figures clearly show that majority of the worlds FDI takes place in these 3 regions. This trend has led to them being called the global triad. Critics argue that as long as the triad continues to dominate international investment, less developed countries will find it very difficult à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to? The geographical structure of FDI has become far more complex in recent years, a further indication of increased interconnectedness within the global economy Peter Dicken, Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 1998. Supporters of globalization point out that, although still dominated by the triad, the broader patterns of FDI are changing. FDI in developing countries has increase 12 times since 2000. However this increase is unevenly shared and has benefited only a select few countries. Most notable among these is China. It has been the most favored destination for FDI outside the global triad. The main reason for this is because of its good infrastructure, cheap and plentiful labor supply, and low taxes. In 2001, developing countries accounted for just 27.9% of FDI, of which over a third went to china and Hong kong alone. The countries of middle- east and Africa attract relatively low FDI accounting a meager 1% share in global FDI. Several countries have attempted to attract FDI and boost trade by setting up Special Economic Zones or Free Trade Zones. Today there are over 850 EPZ across several countries employing 27 million people worldwide. An EPZ is an area where in which foreign companies are invited to locate their factories and conduct business. In return for their investment, the host government removes import and export tariffs for several years. The hope is that as companies become established in the EPZ they will choose to make further investments. In 1998 China had 124 EPZS employing an estimated 18 million people more than in any other country. In Sri Lankas EPZs investing companies are allowed to operate tax free for ten years. For the investors, free trade zones are a sort of corporate club Med, where the hotel pays for everything, and the guests live free, and where integration with the local culture and economy is kept to a bare minimum. Naomi Klein, No Logo, 2000. Critics feel that EPZs represent one of the worst sides of globalization. They see them as parasites, taking what they need from the host economy for their own benefit, giving little or nothing in return. The EPZ ends up as an enclave, isolated from the rest of the country. Worse, still investors have no loyalty- they would quickly relocate their business to a competing EPZ if it offered them greater opportunities. In this way investors have been likened to tourists, moving to different resorts as it suits them best. Their ability to shop around for the best deals can even force governments to lower wages or other standards such as health and safety or environmental regulations in order to secure their investment. So why do governments go to such lengths? They hope that by opening their economies, creating EPZs and encouraging FDI, they can share in the wealth and prosperity promised by globalization. But many see this as a false hope, suggesting that following such a path only allow s the rich to become richer and makes the poor still poorer. Whatever the truth is, it is clear that money matters a great deal and that the corporations who control this money have a great power in a globalised world. Corporations The Global Giants: In a globalised world the true rulers are the corporations. But these are not just ordinary corporations. These are enormous business enterprises many with sales that are worth more than the economies of whole countries. In 2001, General Motors sale was higher than the national income of both Denmark and Norway and almost 25 times greater than the national income of Jamaica. On a broader scale the ten largest global corporations had sales of US $ 1198 billion which is more than the combined GDP of sub Saharan Africa and South Asia which together are home to one third of the worlds population. So how have these corporations become so large and wealthy? The key to their success is that they produce and sell their products and services internationally. They are called Trans National Corporations (TNC) or

Pauls Understanding of Holy Spirit Essay -- Religion, Bible, Romans 8

Coming to class today did you guys see anything beautiful? Maybe it was a car. Perhaps a work of art made of glass. Maybe it was jewelry or it is was a flower. If it is really beautiful, you tend to look at it from every direction to appreciate each aspect of it. It just feels good to take in all of the beauty, and satisfying to your senses. Well, I feel that way about the Holy Spirit, how the Holy Spirit leads in our life with an emphasis on His physical direction, how the Holy Spirit leads us spiritually is simply beautiful. Wouldn’t you say? Are you being led by the Spirit? Are you in the Spirit? Does the Spirit dwell in you? It is certainly important for you to be able to answer yes to these questions, but just saying so is not sufficient enough. There is, quite simply, many unscriptural ideas about what these phrases mean. Many people wrongly believe that the Holy Spirit's influence on a person is a "mystical revelation" which overpowers human intentions and that we discern right decisions from wrong ones based on feelings which the Holy Spirit puts directly into our heads apart from Biblical revelation. Many say that the way they feel carries much more weight than the written word. If one can honestly answer "yes" to the questions above, it is only because he has chosen to yield to the teachings and urgings of the Spirit that have been provided to us Christians by God's providence in His Holy Scriptures. You are not really led by the Holy Spirit if you are not living according to His teachings in the gospel. The Holy Spirit through the apostle Paul, shares a great deal of information to us about this subject in Romans 8:1-17. Romans 8 may be described as falling into three distinct but closely related categories. Vers... ...ristian has a choice. He can either live in the realm of the flesh or of the Holy Spirit. The Christian must choose between these two worlds, the way of the flesh, or of the way of the Spirit. Those who walk according to the flesh are condemned to death. On the other hand, those who walk according to the Spirit are led to eternal life. To walk in the Spirit is to have confidence that God is your Father, and that all guidance and strength comes through the Holy Spirit. "I put my mind on Christ and try to listen and obey the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:5), the Holy Spirit will give me life and peace (Romans 8:6). If a man is a Christian, he has the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:9). His spirit has been made alive (Romans 8:10) The Holy Spirit is giving life back to his body, bringing it back from the deadness of sin (Romans 8:11) and bring abundant new life in Christ."(Graham)

Global cities show a particularly high degree of social polarization Essay

Social polarization is a relatively new urban phenomenon that identifies the existence of a widening gap between the rich and poor within a social group or entity. This gap has developed in country’s societies as a result of ‘income equalities, real estate fluctuations and economic displacement’ (Moulaert 2003). The effects can be damaging to society and can include ‘a loss of resources, investment and young people to the core’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). I aim to discuss and explain social polarization in terms of the causes and effects on society, as well as the main catalysts of polarization. Many geographers believe that globalization is a process that ‘has enabled nation-states, TNCs, as well as individuals, to extend their reach across the globe’ (Daniels et al 2008). Globalization has meant that ‘national economies have become integrated into the international economy’ (Croucher 2004) as a result of trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment, migration and the spread of technology; leading to the growth of many sectors, especially the financial sector, where information is easily accessible via a technologically strong communications network. Some are of the belief that ‘Globalization leads directly to social polarization’ (Sassen 1991) The rapid growth in the financial sector has led to the formation of very well paid positions within financial institutes dominated by managers, executives and stockbrokers. However, it has also created large numbers of low-paying jobs, often filled by women and the minorities in unskilled positions. As a result of this, income inequality is common in global cities with salaries ranging greatly. The United Nations quoted that ‘between 1960 and 1990 country differentials between the wealthiest and poorest 20% increased from 30 to more than 60 (UNDP 1993)(Thrift et al 2002). This can lead to a number of problems, with the lower paid workers easily replaced by an abundant supply of workers moving to the area from abroad, known as the ‘urban immigrant population’ (Chao-Lin 2002). The replacement of low-income workers has become a problem in many global cities, for example in Beijing, the open door immigration policy as led to an influx of urban immigrants. Many social problems are caused as a result of this, such as stress at home and at work etc. This, in turn, widens the gap between the richer and poorer people in society; thus increasing social polarization. The ‘transnationals’ have, of course, greatly changed the economic environment. At the global scale their location of production in developing countries has contributed to what has been called a global shift’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). In the first half of the twentieth century the majority of manufacturing and production plants was concentrated in the core: Western Europe and North America. However, a ‘global shift’ (Bradford and Kent 1995) did occur and by the 1980s a third of TNCs had moved to global production in Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) at the periphery. As these TNCs made more money and became financially stronger, there was a shift of power from the governments to the transnationals’. The TNCs have great control over some sectors of the economy, as government revenue from taxes is recycled (through wages) back into the large corporations. TNCs can cause a variety of problems by locating in developing countries, ‘the concentration of many transnationals’ activities in one area, often the core, may exacerbate inter-regional differences’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). Again, this will cause social polarization as different areas in a country, or town will show differences in amenities etc. due to a greater investment in infrastructure. However, this investment in the core regions is needed to service the large corporations. Investment will attract people, jobs and activity into the core regions, thus emphasizing the strength of the pull factors created by TNCs: more well paid jobs are created, better living conditions, more amenities etc. However, ‘this is often at the expense of peripheral regions which lose resources, investment and young people to the core – the so called backwash or polarization effects’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). Friedmann’s Core Periphery Model is relevant here as over time people are drawn from the periphery areas into the core, (See Figure 1). Transnationals’ can also cause problems if similar corporations locate in the same countries, thus leading to ‘segmentation of markets’ (classifying markets into distinct subsets with the same needs).   (Todd 1977). (Classifying markets into distinct subsets with the same needs). This can lead to social differences being accentuated, again relating back to differences in income inequality and quality of life at the core and periphery. Furthermore, particular cultures in countries have changed as a result of ‘acquisition of material goods’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). This has lead to people’s position in society being determined by possession or consumption of particular goods, causing anger and stress, which causes societies to began more polarized. To conclude; in my opinion social polarization, can only have a negative effect on societies and countries as stress and anger is caused as a result of concentrations of investment in core areas, leaving peripheral areas without amenities and jobs. As TNCs continue to increase in size the effects of polarization can only increase with the gap between different social groups increasing, as a result of income inequality and economic displacement. With increased control and power, soon TNCs will have even more control than some governments, and this can already be seen in some areas of the world with governments in India etc. being unable to stop sweatshop labour e.g. Nike in Bangladesh. Polarization shows gaps in society have begun to develop as local markets develop in global markets as a result of globalization and the growth of large corporations. References Bradford, M. and Kent, A. 1993 Understanding Human Geography: People and their   Ã‚  Ã‚   Changing Environments, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Chao-Lin, G.U. 2001 Social Polarization and Segregation in Beijing, Beijing, Science  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3w8112rj24l8468/fulltext.pdf, 29th  Ã‚  Ã‚   November Johnston, R.J., Taylor, P.J and Watts, M.J. 1995 The Reconfiguration of Late   Ã‚  Ã‚   Twentieth-Century Capitalism. In Johnston, R.J., Taylor, P.J and Watts, M.J.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (eds) Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World, Blackwell   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishers Ltd., United Kingdom, 19-29. Moulaert, F., Swyndedouw, E. and Rodriguez, A. 2003 The Globalized City:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities, Oxford   Ã‚   University Press, Oxford. Sassen, S. 2001 The Global City, Princeton University Press, USA Todd, D. 1977 Polarization and the Regional Problem: Manufacturing in Nova Scotia,    The University of Manitoba Geography Department, Canada. Figure 1. Rodrigue, Dr. J. P. Department of Economics and Geography, 1998 Bradshaw, M., Daniels, P., Shaw, D. and Sidway, J. 2008 An Introduction to Human  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geography, Pearson Education Limited, England.